Kagyü

From Buddhist Encyclopedia

The Kagyu school, also known as the "Oral Lineage" and "the Spotless Practice Lineage" school, is one of four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism, the other three being Nyingma (Rnying-ma), Sakya (Sa-skya), and Gelug (Dge-lugs).

Origins

The Kagyu school traces its origins to the teachings of the Indian mystics Tilopa (988-1089) and Naropa (1016-1100), whose lineage was transmitted in Tibet by the great translator Marpa (1012-1097). He took over the mahamudra ("great seal") transmission lineage from Naropa. Moreover Marpa studied with the Indian Masters Maitripa and Kukuripa. On his third journey to India he met Atiśa (982-1054) and studied the teachings of the Kadampa masters (both Kagyu and Gelug schools trace their roots to the earlier Kadampa school). Marpa spent 17 years in India and is known as one of the great translators of the second translation period. Marpa's principal disciple was Milarepa (Mi-la-ras-pa) (1052-1135), arguably one of Tibet's great religious poets and meditators. Among Milarepa's many students were Gampopa (Sgam-po-pa) (1079-1153) - a great scholar who can be recognized as the real founder of Kagyu as a distinct school of Tibetan Buddhism - and Rechung Dorje Drakpa, also known as Rechungpa. Following Gampopa's teachings, there evolved the so-called "Four Major" schools, and from Gampopa's disciple Phagmogrupa the "Eight Minor" lineages of the Kagyu School.

Four Major Schools

• Barom Kagyu, founded by Barompa Darma Wangchug
• Pagdru Kagyu, founded by Pagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo
• Karma Kagyu, also known as Kamtsang Kagyu, founded by Düsum Khyenpa (Dus-gsum Mkhyen-pa), later designated the first Karmapa
• Tsalpa Kagyu, founded by Zangyu Dragpa Darma Drag (Zhang Rinpoche)

Eight Sub-Schools of Pagdru Kagyu

• Drikung Kagyu, included the Lhapa sect, builders of the earliest dzongs in Bhutan, later eclipsed by the Drukpa
• Drukpa Kagyu, which combined lineages from both Gampopa and Rechungpa, is the state religion of Bhutan, giving the country the name Druk Yul. Drukpa monasteries are also found in Ladakh, Zanskar, Lahoul, Kinnaur, Spiti, and other parts of the Himalayas.
• Mar Kagyu
• Shugseb Kagyu
• Taklung Kagyu
• Trophu Kagyu
• Yamzang Kagyu
• Yelpa Kagyu

The organization into four major schools and eight minor schools, while traditional, is not always helpful in understanding the history or influence of the schools. For instance, the Shangpa Kagyu predates Gompopa and thus is outside the framework. Another school is the Rechung Kagyud, founded by Gompopa's peer, Rechung Dorje Drakpa.

The only Kagyu schools with any significant following today are the Karma, Drukpa, Drikung, and Taklung.

Teachings

The central teaching of Kagyu is the doctrine of Mahamudra, "the Great Seal", as elucidated by Gampopa in his various works. This doctrine focuses on four principal stages of meditative practice (the Four Yogas of Mahamudra), namely:

1. The development of single-pointedness of mind,
2. The transcendence of all conceptual elaboration,
3. The cultivation of the perspective that all phenomena are of a "single taste",
4. The fruition of the path, which is beyond any contrived acts of meditation.

It is through these four stages of development that the practitioner is said to attain the perfect realization of Mahamudra. Important practices in all Kagyu schools are the tantric practices of Chakrasamvara and Vajravarahi.

External links

Sites associated with Urgyen Trinley Dorje

• Kagyu Office
• Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India
• Karma Triyana Dharmachakra Monastery, Woodstock, NY, USA
• Karma Kagyu Cyber World
• Mingyur Dorje Rinpoche
• The History of the Karma Kagyu Lineage

Sites associated with Trinley Thaye Dorje

• The 17th Karmapa Trinley Thaye Dorje
• The 14th Shamarpa Mipham Chokyi Lodro
• Karma Kagyu Lineage
• Kagyu Asia
• Diamond Way Buddhism