Parami

http://Buddhism.2be.net/Parami

From Buddhist Encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

About Buddhism
Gautama Buddha

Three Jewels
Buddha . Dharma . Sangha

Three Dharma Seals
Anicca . Dukkha . Anatta

Karma . Rebirth
Samsara . Nirvana
Four Noble Truths

Seven Sets
Four Frames of Reference
Four Right Exertions
Four Bases of Power
Five Faculties
Five Strengths
Seven Factors of Awakening
Noble Eightfold Path

Bodhisattva
Four Great Vows
Ten Great Vows

Buddhist Cosmology

History of Buddhism
Timeline of Buddhism

Three Baskets

Buddhist Webring

  • Pali :  parami
  • Sanskrit :  paramita

Parami refer to the perfection or culmination of certain practices. These practices are cultivated by Bodhisattvas for crossing from samsara to nirvana.

In Theravada, the Ten Perfections are :

  1. Dana - Generosity, giving.
  2. Sila - Virtue, morality, proper conduct.
  3. Nekkhamma - Renunciation.
  4. Prajna (Pali: pañña) - transcendental wisdom, insight.
  5. Viriya - Energy, diligence, vigour, effort.
  6. Khanti - Patience, tolerance, forbearance, acceptance, endurance.
  7. Sacca - Truthfulness, honesty
  8. Adhitthana - Determination, resolution
  9. Metta - Loving-kindness.
  10. Upekkha - Equanimity, serenity.

In Mahayana, the Prajna Paramita Sutra and the Lotus Sutra list Six Perfections, as :

  1. Dana - Generosity, giving.
  2. Sila - Virtue, morality, proper conduct.
  3. Khanti (Sanskrit: kṣanti) - Patience, tolerance, forbearance, acceptance, endurance.
  4. Viriya (Sanskrit: virya) - Energy, diligence, vigour, effort.
  5. Dhyāna (Sanskrit: dhyāna) - One-pointed concentration, contemplation.
  6. Prajna (Sanskrit: prajña) - Wisdom, insight.

The later Dasabhumika Sutra lists another four :

  • Upaya (Sanskrit: upāya) - Skillful means.
  • Pranidhana - Vow, resolution, aspiration, determination.
  • Bala - Spiritual power.
  • Jnana (Sanskrit: jñana) - Knowledge.


The Buddhist Encyclopedia